The goal of it efforts are to analyze the end result of breed and you will decades into the eggs development together with eggs external and you can internal high quality in five Italian twin-mission breeds , at the start and several days later on than very first days putting interest you to definitely took place, correspondingly, after summer/start of autumn and also in winter, under changeable ecological conditions.
dos.step one. Pet and you can Rearing Criteria
Four Italian poultry breeds, Pepoi (PP), Ermellinata di Rovigo (ER), Robusta Maculata (RM) and Robusta Lionata (RL), was felt toward data. The human body weight from adult women was step one.twenty-five kilogram during the PP, 2.31 kilogram into the Emergency room and step three.05 kg from inside the RM and RL. The resource is the Veneto part (Italy): PP try an old regional reproduce; their origin is old returning to the XIX century, but no appropriate study into the their genetic source exists. The other breeds are designed in Veneto into the 1950s: this new Emergency room breed originates from Sussex (tinted eggshell reproduce) and you will Rhode Area (brown eggshell reproduce) breeds, while into RM and you may RL breeds, Brown Orpington and you will White The usa, a couple of brownish eggshell breeds were used . As well as the adult fat, this type of types differ within their plumage the colour: it’s fantastic during the PP, Emergency room suggests erminate plumage, RM plumage is actually mainly white with black colored extremities in lot of nations of system, black colored feathers out-of primaries and you will end and you can RL reveals a good tawny plumage that have black feathers of primaries and you will end. All of the types (Contour S1) let you know solitary comb and you will put shaded eggshell eggs (Shape S2).
dos. Material and methods
Wild birds off per reproduce hatched at the same time (last half away from age farm of one’s Middle having Poultry Biodiversity Maintenance in the Veneto region (it consistently offers up the fresh rearing of those types also when it comes to egg production getting incubation and you may brooding), during the Northern Italy (45°02?53? N), regarding hatching to the pubertal ages and you may on the installing several months, and that come regarding avoid of summer into beginning of trip (Profile step one), depending on the reproduce. Serving, rearing requirements (photoperiod, temperature) and you will prophylaxis methods was basically an equivalent for the five breeds, ever since out-of hatching toward end of your own examined several months, which was when you look at the , within 53 months old. The brand new freshly hatched chicks was kept indoors into the basic 4 days out of existence, during the a green temperatures coming down off thirty-two so you can 24 °C, less than infra-red-colored rays lighting fixtures, into litter. At 1.5 weeks of age, the new birds got totally free the means to access outside places, regarding springtime so you can trip and you can wintertime. For every reproduce (60 hens) had totally free use of outside (5 meters dos /bird) place (armed with linear drinkers), where in fact the hens resided throughout the day, also to indoor (cuatro hens/yards 2 ) area (timber shavings and straw litter, that have perches and you can rounded feeders), used mainly getting putting egg (collective nests) and also at night; the bedroom (interior and you can outside) available to for each and every breed try divided by the netting.
At the start of installing (around twenty-two weeks of age on the reproduce that have earlier start of putting), from inside the Sep–Oct, according to reproduce, this new photoperiod try absolute and you may coming down, with respect to the year and the geographical status of your demo station for the Northern Italy (an average of, 12L:12D), and for the second several months (off 38 days old, off December in order to 53 days old), fake white was gradually increased (when you look at the indoor place, filament-based bulb, throughout the 60 lux) to obtain a photoperiod away from 14L:10D. The latest photoperiod is actually regulated by the a timekeeper, plus it are achieved by turning on the latest light one hour before dawn and shutting off they one hour just after sundown. The brand new external ecological temperatures is 10 ± step 3.cuatro °C and you will 11 ± 3.0 °C, respectively, for the first (right from the start away from October with the end off November) and 2nd (right away away from January to the stop out-of February) putting attacks, if the analysis on the give efficiency and you will egg high quality had been amassed. The brand new pet were given ad libitum industrial feeds predicated on the mental phase (around three diversified commercial nourishes for the growing months). Into the very first laying stage (26–33 weeks of age, less than decreasing natural photoperiod), in the event the types come putting, the wild birds received a commercial pelleted provide (PG = 16%, Me personally = eleven.8 MJ/kg, Ca = step 1.1%, P = 0.6%) and you can maize (PG = 9.1%, Me personally = 13.eight MJ/kg), within a ratio of just one:1. It is worth remembering you to definitely, at that age, only the twin-mission and you can tinted eggshell types shown an adjustable onset of installing and you may egg creation rate, while the newest hens of the other kinds of the Maintenance Center to have Biodiversity and you can hatched meanwhile of your learned types, like the light eggshell types, failed to start installing (Padovana breed) or it presented a very scant laying hobby (Polverara breed), never ever reaching the threshold out of ten% hen–big date eggs development. The main cause of the option of the brand new Preservation Heart, to not play with a feed to have putting hens through the this era, try because of not forcing the latest pullets so you’re able to egg manufacturing throughout a season that have decreasing heat and you can photoperiod. The latest wild birds increased outside, below beneficial conditions to have skeletal health, walking on crushed and you will below solar power rays. Throughout the outdoor space for each and every reproduce, the existence of turf offered to the new wild birds try higher during the the fresh new broadening several months than from the onset of putting, and therefore happened pursuing the gratis japansk datingsida summer time, when the precipitation was scarce and you may don’t allow for an effective grass regrowth. Away from 38 so you’re able to 53 days old, and not as much as expanding photoperiod, the fresh new hens was provided a professional pelleted offer to own laying (PG = 16%, Myself = eleven.5 MJ/kilogram, Ca = 4.2%, P = 0.6%). All the feeds comprised mainly out of maize and you can soybean.